method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reaction, Andrea Rossi USA patent application 2011.01.13: role of impurities: future developments: Rich Murray 2011.01.15

[Rich Murray-2]

method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal
reaction, Andrea Rossi USA patent application 2011.01.13: role of
impurities: future developments: Rich Murray 2011.01.15

[ minor typos corrected, and spacing added to increase clarity and
highlight special points: some possibilities discussed after the
patent... ]
Rich Murray 505-819-7388  [hidden email] Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA ]

[hidden email],
[hidden email],

http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110005506

Patent application title: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL
AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTION

Inventors:  Andrea Rossi
Agents:  HEDMAN & COSTIGAN, P.C.
Assignees:
Origin: NEW YORK, NY US
IPC8 Class: AF24J100FI
USPC Class:
Publication date: 01/13/2011
Patent application number: 20110005506

Abstract:

A method and apparatus for carrying out highly efficient exothermal
reaction between nickel and hydrogen atoms in a tube, preferably,
though not necessary, a metal tube filled by a nickel powder and
heated to a high temperature, preferably, though not necessary, from
150 to 5000 C are herein disclosed.
In the inventive apparatus, hydrogen is injected into the metal tube
containing a highly pressurized nickel powder having a pressure,
preferably though not necessarily, from 2 to 20 bars.

Claims:

1.  A method for carrying out an hexothermal reaction of nickel and
hydrogen, characterized in that said method comprises the steps of
providing a metal tube, introducing into said metal tube a nanometric
particle nickel powder and injecting into said metal tube a hydrogen
gas having a temperature much greater than 150 .degree. C. and a
pressure much greater than 2 bars.

2.  A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said hydrogen
temperature varies in a range from 150 to 500 .degree. C.

3.  A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said nickel
powder is a nickel isotope powder.

4.  A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said hydrogen
is injected into said tube under a pulsating pressure.

5.  A method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that said
hydrogen temperature is a variable temperature which varies in said
range from 150 to 500 .degree. C.

6.  A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said metal
tube is a copper metal tube.

7.  A modular apparatus for providing a  hexothermal  reaction by
carrying out the method according to claim 1, characterized in that
said apparatus comprises a metal tube (2) including a nanometric
particle nickel powder (3) and a high temperature and pressure
hydrogen gas.

8.  A method according to claim 1, characterized in that in said
method  catalyze materials are used.

9.  An apparatus method according to claim 7, characterized in that
said nickel powder filled metal tube (2) is a copper tube, said copper
tube further including at least a heating electrical resistance, said
tube being encompassed by a jacket (7) including either water and
boron or only boron, said jacket (7) being encompassed by a further
lead jacket (8) in turn optionally encompassed by a steel layer (9),
said jackets (7, 8) being adapted to prevent radiations emitted from
said copper tube (2) from exiting said copper tube (2), thereby also
transforming said radiations into thermal energy.

10.  An apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that said
apparatus comprises, encompassing said nickel powder, hydrogen and
electric resistance (101) containing copper tube (100) a first
steel-boron armored construction (102) encompassed by a second lead
armored construction (103) for protecting said copper tube (100), a
hydrogen bottle connection assembly (106) and a hydrogen bottle (107),
said apparatus further comprising, outside of said lead armored
construction (103), a cooling water steel outer pipe assembly (105).

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for
carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions, and has been
stimulated by the well known requirement of finding energy sources
alternative to fossil sources, to prevent atmospheric carbon dioxide
contents from being unnecessarily increased.

[0002] For meeting the above need non polluting energy sources should
be found which do not involve health risks, are economically
competitive with respect to oil sources susceptible to be easily
discovered and exploited and naturally abundant.

[0003] Many of the above alternative energy sources have already been
explored and operatively tested even on an industrial scale, and
comprise biomasses, solar energy used both for heating and
photovoltaic electric generation purposes, aeolian energy, fuel
materials of vegetable or agricultural nature, geothermal and sea wave
energy and so on.

[0004] A possible alternative to natural oil, is the uranium-fission
nuclear energy. However, yet unresolved problems affect nuclear energy
such as great safety and waste material processing problems, since, as
is well known, radioactive waste materials remain dangerously active
for thousands or millions of years, with consequent great risks for
persons living near radioactive waste disposal-off places.

[0005] To the above the fact should also be added that, at present, a
nuclear fusion based on a laser actuated inertial confining method
does not allow to make efficient power systems.

[0006] The above drawbacks are also true for deuterium-tritium fusion
processes, as shown by the operating times estimated for the ITER
project, which should within the year 2025 should allow to construct
power systems according to the so-called DEMO project to make, within
the year 2035, the first fusion power station.

[0007] In fact, up to now, the so-called "cold" fusion, after an early
announcement by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989 (M. Fleischmann, M.
Hawkins, S. Pons: Journal Electroanal. Chem., 261,301-1989),
notwithstanding several exploiting attempts on a world-wise scale, has
not provided useful and reliable systems capable of generating energy
for normal, industrial or domestic applications.

[0008] The most intelligent work performed in the fusion field, which
work has been accurately studied by the present inventor for
practicing his invention, is a study of Prof. Sergio Focardi,
(Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Univerita di Bologna), and Prof.
Francesco Piantelli, (Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universita di Siena)
as disclosed in the following bibliographic documents:

[0009] S. Focardi, F. Piantelli:
Produzione di energia e reazioni nucleari in sistemi Ni--H a 400° C.,
Atti della Conferenza Nazionale sulla politica energetica in Italia,
Universita di Bologna, 18-19 aprile 2005.

 [0010] S. Focardi, R. Habel, F. Piantell:
 Anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems, Nuovo Cimento Vol. 107, pp
163-167, 1994

[0011] S. Focardi, V. Gabbiani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi:
Large excess in heat production in Ni-H systems, Nuovo Cimento Vol.
111 A pp. 1233-1241, 1998

[0012] A. Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbiani, V. Montalbano,
F. Piantelli, P. G. Sona, S. Veronesi:
Neutron emission in Ni--H systems, Nuovo Cimento Vol. 112 A pp 921-931, 1999

[0013] S. Focardi, V. Gabbiani, V. Montalbano. F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi:
On the Ni-H systems, Asti Workshop in Hydrogeldeuterium loaded metals,
pp 35-47, 1997

[0014] E. G. Campari, S. Focardi, V. Gabbiani, V. Montalbano. F.
Piantelli, E. Porcu, E. Tosti, S. Veronesi:
Ni--H systems, Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Cold Fusion, pp
69-74, 2000.

[0015] The present inventor, moreover, has also accurately studies the
following related patents:
U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,225,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,054,
US-H466, U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,168,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,155,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,157,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,303,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,341,730,
US-A-20010024789.

[0016] An analysis of the above mentioned references shows that:

[0017] 1-- all experiments performed based on cold fusion have not
permitted to generate power in such an amount to be reliably and
constantly exploited in industrial applications;

[0018] 2-- all the uranium based methods and systems have not up to
now solved the problem of safely disposing of nuclear waste materials;

[0019] 3-- all the nuclear fusion based methods and systems have not
been shown as capable of generating significative amounts of energy
while allowing the fusion process to be safely monitored;

[0020] 4-- all the magnetic and inertial confining based methods and
systems, such as the plasma fusion method, cannot be properly
economically managed; and

[0021] 5-- the catalyzed fusion of negative muons based methods and
systems cannot be used because of the muon short life.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0022] Accordingly, the aim of the present invention is to provide a
method allowing to produce energy in an economic, convenient, reliable
and repetitive manner, without generating radiations and radioactive
waste materials.

[0023] Within the scope of the above mentioned aim, a main object of
the invention is to provide such a method which can be carried out in
small size systems, adapted to be easily controlled and allowing to
heat individual places at an operating cost less than that of
commercially available heating systems.

[0024] According to one aspect of the present invention, the above
mentioned aim and objects, as well as yet other objects, which will
become more apparent hereinafter, are achieved by a method and
apparatus for carrying out a highly efficient exothermal reaction
between nickel atoms and hydrogen atoms, in a tube, preferably, though
not exclusively made of a metal, filled by a nickel powder and heated
to a high temperature preferably, though not necessarily, from 150 to
500° C., by injecting hydrogen into said metal tube said nickel powder
being pressurized, preferably, though not necessarily, to a pressure
from 2 to 20 bars.

[0025] In applicant exothermal reaction the hydrogen nuclei, due to a
high absorbing capability of nickel therefor, are compressed about the
metal atom nuclei, while said high temperature generates internuclear
percussions which are made stronger by the  catalytic action of
optional elements,  thereby triggering a capture of a proton by the
nickel powder, with a consequent transformation of nickel to copper
and a beta+ decay of the latter to a nickel nucleus having a mass
which is by an unit larger than that of the starting nickel.

[0026] The present inventor believes that in this reaction is possibly
involved a capture of a proton by a nickel nucleus which is
transformed into a copper nucleus with a consequent beta decay of the
formed unstable copper (Cu 59-64) since the produced thermal energy is
larger, as it will be thereinafter demonstrated, than the energy
introduced by the electric resistance.

[0027] It is believed that the nickel nuclei are transformed to copper
since the mass (energy) of the final status (copper isotope) is less
than the overall mass (energy) of the starting status (nickel
isotope+proton).

[0028] The exothermal reaction thereon Applicant's invention is based
differs from those adopted by prior searchers since the inventor has
not tried to demonstrate an emission of elementary particles
supporting a validity of a theory, but he has exclusively tried to
provide an amount of energy larger than the consumed energy amount, to
just achieve a practical method and apparatus for generating an energy
amount larger than the consumed energy, and this by exploiting nuclear
energy generating processes starting from electrochemical energy.

[0029] Thus, the inventive apparatus has been specifically designed
for producing the above mentioned energy in a reliable, easily
controllable, safe, repeatable manner, for any desired applications.

[0030] In particular, the inventive apparatus is coated by boron
layers and lead plates both for restraining noxious radiations and
transforming them into energy, without generating residue radiations
and radioactive materials.

[0031] In this connection it is pointed out that all prior attempts to
generate like types of energy, have brought to small energy amounts
generating prototypes not suitable for a safe industrial use, because
of the theoretical nature of the performed searches.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0032] Thus, the aim of the present invention is to provide an energy
generating apparatus adapted to operate in a reliable and repeatable
manner and including a plurality of series and parallel connectible
apparatus modules, thereby generating an impressively high energy
amount by so bombarding a nickel atom by a hydrogen atom, to provide a
large atomic mass loss copper atom to be transformed into energy,
based on the Einstein's equation, plus a beta decay energy of the
radioactive copper atoms.

[0033] The following discussion may be considered as  valid for some
(radioactive) Cu isotopes,  but not for the two stable copper isotopes
( 63Cu and 65Cu)  which do not decay.

[0034] As the copper atom decays, an energy emitting positive beta
decay occurs, according to the following equations:

P=N + e+ + v,

where

P=proton

N=neutron

e .sup.+ = positron

v=neutrino

[0035] The positron forms the electron antiparticle, and hence, as
positrons impact against the nickel electrons, the electron-positron
pairs are annihilated, thereby generating a huge amount of energy.

[0036] In fact, few grams of Ni and H would produce an energy amount
equivalent to that of thousands oil tons, as it will become more
apparent hereinafter, without pollutions, greenhouse effects, or
carbon dioxide increases, nuclear and other waste materials, since the
radioactive copper isotopes produced in the process will decay to
stable nickel isotopes by beta+ processes, in a very short time.

[0037] For clearly understanding the following detailed discussion of
the apparatus, it is necessary to at first consider that for allowing
nickel to be transformed into stable copper, it is necessary to
respect the  quantic  laws.

Accordingly, it is indispensable to use, for the above mentioned
exothermal reactions, a nickel isotope having a mass number of 62, to
allow it to transform into a stable copper isotope 62.

All the other Ni isotopes, on the other hand, will generate unstable
Cu, and, accordingly, a beta decay.

[0038] Considering that about 10E6 tons nickel for year are produced
through the world and since, as it will be disclosed hereinafter in
Table 1, 1 g nickel would generate an energy amount equivalent to that
produced by 517 tons oil, thus the yearly produced nickel amount,
assuming that only 1/10,000 generates nuclear processes, will provide
1,000,000,000,000 * 517/10000 = 51,700,000,000 (oil equivalent) ton
per year.

[0039] And this without considering the fact that the yearly nickel
production could be easily increased, depending on demand, and that,
like mineral oil, nickel can be recovered and remelted from nickel
scraps of steelwork and electronic applications.

[0040] Actually, nickel is one of the most abundant metals of the Earth crust.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] Further characteristics and advantages of the present invention
will become more apparent hereinafter from the following detailed
disclosure of a preferred, though not exclusive, embodiment of the
invention, which is illustrated, by way of an indicative, but not
limitative, example, in the accompanying drawings, where:

[0042] FIG. 1 is a constructional diagram of the apparatus according
to the present invention;

[0043] FIG. 2 is a picture, taken by a 1.400× electronic microscope,
showing the nickel powder (on a 1.400× scale), withdrawn by [from] the
apparatus;

[0044] FIGS. 3 and 4 are electronic microscope diagrams related to the
powder atomic composition, at the two points shown by the arrows in
FIG. 2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0045] With reference to the number references of the above mentioned
figures, the apparatus according to the present invention comprises an
electric resistance 1, enclosed in a metal tube 2, further including
therein a nickel powder 3.

[0046] A solenoid valve 4 adjusts the pressure under which hydrogen 5
is introduced into the metal tube.

[0047] Both the temperature generated by the electric resistance or
resistor and the hydrogen injection pressure can be  easily adjusted
either to constant or pulsating values.

[0048] More specifically, the electric resistance, or other heat
source, is switched off as the exothermal reaction generating
energizing status is triggered.

A thermostat will hold said heat source operating, depending on the
temperature in the circuit.

[0049] The assembly comprising said electric resistance and nickel
holding copper tube is shielded from the outer environment by using,
respectively from the inside to the outside:

[0050] a) a jacket 7 including water and boron, or only boron

[0051] b) a further lead jacket 8, which, optionally, though not
necessarily, may be coated by a steel layer 9.


[0052] The above mentioned coatings are so designed as to restrain all
radiations emitted by the exothermal reaction and  transform said
radiation into thermal energy.


[0053] The heat generated by the particle decay and nuclear
transformations will heat the primary fluid, comprising  borated
water,  thereby said primary fluid, in turn, will exchange heat with
the secondary circuit, in turn heated by said primary fluid and
conveying the produced thermal energy to desired applications, such as
electric power, heating, mechanical energy, and so on.

[0054] In the absence of a primary fluid, the fluid to be heated will
exchange heat directly with the lead and steel jacket.

[0055] According to a  further  embodiment of the invention, the
apparatus further comprises the following features.

[0056] Nickel is  coated  in a copper tube 100, including a heating
electric resistance 101, adjusted and controlled by a controlling
thermostat (not shown) adapted to switch off said resistance 101 as
nickel is activated by hydrogen contained in a bottle 107.

[0057] A first steel-boron armored construction 102, coated by a
second lead armored construction 103, protect both the copper tube,
the hydrogen bottle connection assembly 106, and the hydrogen bottle
or cylinder 107, thereby restraining radiations through the overall
radiation life, allowing said radiations to be transformed into
thermal energy.

[0058] On the outside of the lead armored construction, the copper
reactor cooling water, circulates through a steel outer pipe assembly
105, and this conveyed to thermal energy using devices.

[0059] The above disclosed prototype can also be used as a heating
module which, in a series and/or parallel coupling relationship with
other like modules, will provide a basic core desired size and power
heating systems.


[0060] A practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on
Oct. 16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24 hours per day, and
provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the
Company EON of via Carlo Ragazzi 18, at Bondeno (Province of Ferrara).


[0061] For better understanding the invention, the main components of
the above mentioned apparatus have been schematically shown in Table
2.

[0062] The above mentioned apparatus, which has not been yet publicly
disclosed, has demonstrated that, for a proper operation, the hydrogen
injection must be carried out under a  variable pressure.

[0063] The electric resistance temperature controlling thermostat has
been designed to switch off said electric resistance  after 3-4 hours
of operation, thereby providing self-supplied system, continuously
emitting thermal energy in an amount larger than that initially
generated by said electric resistance, which mode of operation is
actually achieved by an exothermal reaction.

[0064] As it will be shown in a detailed manner in the following Table
1, it is possible to calculate that, supposing a full transformation,
a mole,  that is 58 g nickel, generate the same amount of energy
obtained by burning about 30,000 tons of oil.

[0065] FIGS. 2-5 show data measured on Jan. 30, 2008 which basically
demonstrate that the invention actually provides a true nuclear cold
fusion.

[0066] The photo of FIG. 2, (obtained by a 1.400× electronic
microscope) shows the nickel powder on a 1.400× scale, as withdrawn
from the apparatus: in particular said photo clearly shows the flake
granules, greatly promoting an absorption of the hydrogen atoms by the
nickel nuclei.

[0067] The two arrows in the figure show the two positions of the
powder sample thereon the electronic microscope tests for detecting
the powder atomic composition have been carried out.

[0068] The two graphs of FIGS. 3 and 4 have been made by the
electronic microscope of Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universita di
Bologna, under the supervision of Prof. Sergio Focardi, on Jan. 30,
2008, and are related to the powder atomic composition at the two
above points of FIG. 2.

[0069] In particular, said graphs clearly show that  zinc  is formed,
whereas zinc was not present in the nickel powder originally loaded
into the apparatus   said zinc being actually generated by a fusion of
a nickel atom and two hydrogen atoms.

[0070] This demonstrates that, in addition to fusion, the inventive
reaction also provides a  nickel nucleus fission phenomenon generating
lighter stable atoms.

[0071] Moreover, it has been found that, after having generated energy
the used powders contained both copper and  lighter than nickel atoms
(such as sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium).

[0072] This demonstrate that, in addition to fusion, also a nickel
nucleus fission phenomenon generating lighter stable atoms occurs.

[0073] It has been found that the invention fully achieves the
intended aim and objects.

TABLE 1

[0074] Determining the energy produced by a nickel mol.

[0075] 1 nickel mol=58 g

[0076] Avogadro number 6.022×10E23 mol-1=number of nickel atoms in 58 g nickel.

[0077] The energy generated in each hydrogen capture process has been
evaluated (for each nickel isotope) from the difference between the
initial mass (nickel+hydrogen) and the reaction end product mass.

[0078] A reasonable estimate, considering the different values for the
different isotopes, is  10 MeV electron (a MeV corresponds to a
million electron-volts and is the energy measuring unit, as
conventionally used in nuclear physics).

[0079] Since 1 Mev is equivalent to a variation of mass of 1.78×10E-30
kg, the mass variation corresponding to an energy emission of 10 Mev
is 1.78×10E-29 kg.

[0080] The mass loss corresponding to a transformation of an entire Ni
mol can be calculated by multiplying the Avogadro number (6.022×10E23)
time the mass variation of the single reaction.

[0081] Thus is obtained (for 58 g Ni)

[0082] M=(6.022×10E23)×1.7.8×10E-29 kg=1.07×10E-5 kg

[0083] From the Einstein equation we have

[0084] E=mcE2 where c is the light speed c=3×10E8 m/s.

[0085] Thus, by replacing:

[0086] J=1.07×10E-5×(3×10E8)2=9.63×10E.- sup.11 J which can be
approximated to 0.3×10E9 kcal (which can be approximated by defect to
reserve).

[0087] This is an energy equivalent to about 30,000 ton oil
considering a pci of 10,000 kcal/kg for mineral oil; thus, 58 g nickel
will generate the same energy as that provided by 30,000 ton oil, that
is 517 tons/gram.

TABLE 2

[0088] List of materials used for making prototypes for experimentally
testing the inventive apparatus

[0089] Electric resistance: Frei, Brescia

[0090] Thermoadjuster: Pic 16--cod. 1705--Frei

[0091] Lead shields: Picchi Srl--Brugherio (Milan)

[0092] Hydrogen: Linde Gas Italia, Arluno (Milan)

[0093] Pressure reducer: Linde Gas Italia

[0094] Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan

[0095] Boron: Danilo Dell'Amore Srl--Bologna

[0096] Copper tube: Italchimici--Antezzate (Brescia)

[0097] Laser beam temperature measuring device: Raytheon, USA

[0098] Pressure gauge: Elaborazione--Dipartimento di
Fisica--Universita degli Studi di Bologna

[0099] Neutron measuring device: Elaborazione--Dipartimento di
Fisica--Universita degli Studi di Bologna

[0100] Chemical-physical analyses:--Dipartimento di Fisica--Universita
degli Studi Bologna.

Read more: http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110005506#ixzz1B7ePnsu4


http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Rossi-Focardi_paper.pdf
2010.03.22  9 pages


Peter Gluck to vortex-l
from Peter Gluck <[hidden email]>
reply-to [hidden email]
to [hidden email]
date Sat, Jan 15, 2011 at 1:45 AM 1:45 AM (15 hours ago)

Dear Rich.

It is here --- http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110005506

I am now an expert web searcher -- if you have such problems, do not
hesitate to write me.
As regarding the press conference of today I am worried for the
unadequate questions- see please my blog at

http://egooutpeters.blogspotcom

The system works output/input is >14, but it is absolutely clear that
even the inventors don't know how and why it works.

At least I know why Cold Fusion - other systems don't work. They are poisoned.

Best wishes, Peter


from Peter Gluck <[hidden email]>
reply-to [hidden email]
to [hidden email]
date Sat, Jan 15, 2011 at 8:35 AM

Not oxygen, there are ppm and ppb impurities containing S, C and N
including light hydrocarbons that are adsorbed on the nuclear active
sites and destroy them -- inactivate them almost irreversibly.

For example laser irradiation of Cravens and Letts is able to
partially and temporary remove these poison molecules and to start the
LENR process.

I am speaking about omnipresent traces  of CO, SO2, SH2, CO,  methane,
ethylene...

To understand this well it is necessary:
-- to have a correct image of how polluted is the air
-- to have practical experience and "feeling" in high vacuum technology
--to know how strong is the adherence of these killer polar molecules
to the metallic surfaces.

It happens that this morning I have received a nice message from Prof
Francesco Piantelli -- the initiator and main developer of this
winner, uniquely reproducible LENR process -- see please the Google
translation re his opinion about cleanliness of the surfaces in this
process.

" Cleanliness is certainly very important and if it is not made
satisfactory makes it very difficult to trigger the process of
abnormal energy production.
This was the main cause of the initial incomplete reproducibility of
the phenomenon."

Removing those poisons is a "sine qua non" condition for CF, a
necessary condition but it is not sufficient.

I have told this for years but nobody is listening.  I feel like those
guys from Australia who have discovered the cause of ulcers.
Happy to see that the creators of this Ni-H process know it.
Unfortunately other researchers ignore these poison molecules and will
have reproducible CF five minutes after the Hell freezes.

Peter


from Peter Gluck <[hidden email]>
reply-to [hidden email]
to [hidden email]
date Sat, Jan 15, 2011 at 9:01 AM

As far I know, absolutely nobody agrees with me.
It seems my thinking is special as explained at my blog's first page.


from Peter Gluck <[hidden email]>
reply-to [hidden email]
to [hidden email]
date Sat, Jan 15, 2011 at 9:14 AM

Congratulations are due to Piantelli, Focardi and Rossi
and their supporters

In one of his patents, Piantelli describes a cleaning process
of the nanometric nickel -- vacuum 10 exp -10 Torr, 350 deg
Celsius, applied at least 10 times.
That's drastic, isn't it?

Now, patents are the mythical variants of the real processes,
but this is an indication of a really thorough cleaning.
Patents describing products are reliable in principle,
those describing processes are fantasies, exaggerations and omission
-- of the critical know how elements.
Believe me, I know this from experience, not only from books.


I am grateful to Peter for elucidating the probably key role of
impurities in blocking LENR -- I imagine, by creating adhesive surface
layers that slow down the penetration of H into the Ni, by direct
blocking or by the formation of molecules that stay stuck on the
surface or disperse back into the H2 gas -- also impurities deep in
tiny cracks and defects in the Ni volume will also slow access to the
Ni atomic electron clouds.

It then seems reasonable that higher temperatures will burn off most
impurities, while also increasing the energy available to the neutral
H atoms to penetrate deeper into the rapidly increasing repulsion of
the atomic electron clouds, increasing the quantum probabilites of
tunnelling of the H atoms deep enough into the atomic cloud for the
strong nuclear forces to take over and pull the atom deep into the
nucleus, leading to various reactions that release nuclear energies,
including annihilation of the hydrogen atom's electron by positrons
(antielectrons) that releases 0.5 Mev each -- resulting in the
transfer of heat into phonons within the Ni lattice, along with
emission of neutrinos and low energy gammas -- as suggested reasonably
by Focardi and Rossi, with agreement by:

http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=185

Evaluations, ideas and proposal upon new energy sources
by Prof. Christos Stremmenos*

Since I think and write on the fly, I will stop this post now, to
avoid it being overlong, and start a new one with this lucid,
plausible paper.

However, here are some more items to ponder:

1. How pure is the H2 gas supplied in the  high pressure tank?

2.  Would passing it through an activated carbon filter and a low
temperature trap improve results?

3. How much Ni is in the reactor?

4. Why is the tube holding the nanoscale Ni powder made of Cu, and how
pure is the Cu?

5. Stainless steels can be a few percent Cu and more Ni -- higher
temperatures and pressures will accelerate release of Cu, Ni, Fe, Cr,
and impurities.

6. Since about 1920, "getter" elements like Mg have been vacuum coated
into the inside wall of vacuum tubes, to absorb and combine with any
residual impurity gases, resulting in the typical shiny mirror
appearance -- would this improve results by removing impurity gases in
the operating reactor? -- could there be also a wide connection to a
cooler adjacent vessel to be a cold trap for impurities in the H2?

7. Pulsing the gas flow rate, pressure, and electric heater power may
serve to facilitate the Ni releasing its impurities.

8. Do reactions on the Ni powder occur on the surface widely separated
in space and time, or in clusters, or deeper in cracks or in the solid
bulk Ni, or in solid or melted or high pressure vapor or even ionized
plasma explosions or jets?

9. Do the events chain react, display stimulated radiation, or occur
as nano or micro explosions or waves or jets?

10. Are nano and micro particles or molted droplets and bubbles of Ni
dispersed into the H2 gas?

11. There would be many advantages of studying micro and nano
reactors, which could be cheap, standadrized, and numerous, also safe,
allowing radiation to be directly monitored and imaged in space and
time, rapid control of inputs, and parallel operation to probe many
parameters quickly.  Higher temperatures, pressures, and power levels
would be possible.
These reactors would themselves be marketable, and allow global
standardization to facilitate cooperative matters vital for global
safety and progress.

12. A spinning cylinder containing H2 gas could apply centrifugal
forces to create high pressures on the Ni powder or film. H2 flowing
along inside the cylinder in outer space could be efficiently and
safely accelerated to high speeds for rocket or jet propulsion -- in
the upper atmosphere, air could be added to the flow, while for a huge
high altitude airship of km size the lift gas could be heated expanded
H2, safe without meaningful levels of outside O2, which would be a
fuel supply for gradual acceleration in a upwardly spiral path into
orbit and thence the entire solar system with a large payload and
crew.
Such a nuclear jet process could rapidly drill wells and tunnels, on
Earth, Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
Such tunnels on a large scale could direct  sea water to the poles to
be naturally frozen, eliminating any sea level rise from global
warming the next few decades.
These tunnels could allow possible controlled venting of dangerous
supervolcano regions, or deliberate cooling and freezing of major
faults.
Free, safe, nonpolluting access to space allows off-planet disposal of
nuclear wastes.
Unlimited safe power allows luxurious living in communities on Earth,
on the sea, in the high atmosphere, and anywhere in our Solar System.
It would be feasible to put rocket engines on any asteroid or comet
and put it on any path desirable.

13. Rossi et al mention "catalytic" additives within the reactor -- do
these serve to block, bind, remove, or disable any negative
impurities?

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