25 KWh in 1.75 h, Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardo Corp, Bologna 29 March 2011, Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander, 3 April 2011: Rich Murray 2011.04.07

[Rich Murray-2]

25 KWh in 1.75 h, Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the
Leonardo Corp, Bologna 29 March 2011, Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander,
3 April 2011: Rich Murray 2011.04.07

http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3144960.ece/BINARY/Download+the+report+by+Kullander+and+Ess%C3%A9n+%28pdf%29

[ 8 photos ]

Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardo Corp, Bologna
29 March 2011.
Participants:
Giuseppe Levi,
David Bianchini,
Carlo Leonardi,
Hanno Essén,
Sven Kullander,
Andrea Rossi,
Sergio Focardi.
Travel report by Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander, 3 April 2011.

We gathered in the Leonardo Corporation building where the 10 kW
apparatus for anomalous
energy production by nickel and hydrogen was demonstrated during a
press conference on
14th of January. References [1] to [4] for the original papers
describing the innovation are
listed at the end. In the same building, two CHP facilities were
located, based on biodiesel
from waste which Andrea Rossi, prior to his present Ni-H activity, had
developed.
The present test was done on a smaller device [5] than the 10 kW
device that has been used
earlier during the January press conference. One of the reasons for
going to smaller
dimensions is safety according to Rossi.

The conclusions from the papers [1] to [4] are that nickel and
hydrogen provide the fuel for
nuclear processes inside a small container in a radiation shielded
setup and that in the room
outside, no radiation different from the ambient one is found.

Figures 1 and 2 below depict the insulated device used for the
experiment together with three
spare devices. As can be seen on the bare devices there is a
horizontal section with a central
container. The tube was made of copper and according to Rossi, the
reaction chamber is
hidden inside in the central part and made of stainless steel. Note
that on the main heating
resistor which is positioned around the copper tube and made of
stainless steel (Figure 3) you
can read the dimensions and nominal power (50mm diameter and 300W).
The vertical
chimney is for the steam-water exhaust. The cooling inlet water of
about 18 °C comes from a
reservoir via a pump (yellow).

The transparent blue rubber hose going from the reservoir to the
device is visible
above the yellow pump, on the left of the photo in figure 1. To the right
at the chimney, a black hose of heavy rubber, for high temperatures,
carries the hot
water/steam to the sink on the wall of the adjacent room. At the end
of the horizontal section
there is an auxiliary electric heater to initialize the burning and
also to act as a safety if the
heat evolution should get out of control.

The central container seen in figure 3 has an estimated volume of 50
cm3 and it contains 50
grams of nickel. The container has on its top, a pipe for the filling
of hydrogen gas. During
the running we used the rightmost one of the devices, figure 4, which
is surrounded by a 2 cm
thick lead shield, as stated by Rossi, and wrapped with insulation,
figure 5. We had free
access to the heater electric supply, to the inlet water hose, to the
outlet steam valve and
water hose and to the hydrogen gas feed pipe. The total weight of the
device was estimated to
be around 4 kg.

Calibrations.

The flow of the inlet water was calibrated in the following way. The time for
filling up 0.5 liters of water in a carafe was measured to be 278
seconds. Visual checks
showed that the water flow was free from bubbles. Scaled to flow per
hour resulted in a flow
of 6.47 kg/hour (Density 1 kg/liter assumed). The water temperature
was 18 °C. The specific
heat of water, 4.18 joule/gram/ °C which is equal to 1.16 Wh/kg/ °C is
used to calculate the
energy needed to bring 1 kg of water from 18 to 100 °C. The result is
1.16 (100-18)=95
Wh/kg. The heat of vaporization is 630 Wh/kg. Assuming that all water
will be vaporized, the
energy required to bring 1 kg water of 18 °C to vapor is  95+630=725
Wh/kg. To heat up the
adjusted water flow of 6.47 kg/hour from 18 °C to vapor will require
725 6.47=4.69 kWh/hour.

The power required for heating and vaporization is thus 4.69 kW.  It should be
noted that no error analysis has been done but according to Giuseppe
Levi, a 5% error in the
measurement of the water flow is a conservative estimate. Even with
this error, the
conclusions will not change due to the magnitude of the observed effects.

Startup.

Prior to startup, the hydrogen bottle with a nominal pressure of 160 bars was
connected for a short moment to the device to pressurize the fuel
container to about 25 bars.
The air of atmospheric pressure was remaining in the container as a
small impurity. The
amount of hydrogen with the assumed container volume of 50 cm3 is 0.11 grams of
hydrogen.

The electric heater was switched on at 10:25, and the meter reading was 1.5
amperes corresponding to 330 watts for the heating including the power for the
instrumentation, about 30 watts. The electric heater thus provides a
power of 300 watts to the
nickel-hydrogen mixture. This corresponds also to the nominal power of
the resistor.
Initial running to reach vaporization. The temperatures of the inlet
water and the outlet
water were monitored and recorded every 2 seconds.

The heater was connected at 10:25 and the boiling point was reached at 10:42.
The detailed temperature-time relation is shown in figure 6.
The inlet water temperature was 17.3 °C and increased slightly to 17.6
°C during
this initial running.  The outlet water temperature increased from 20
°C at 10:27 to 60 °C at
10:36. This means a temperature increase by 40 °C in 9 minutes which
is essentially due to
the electric heater. It is worth noting that at this point in time and
temperature, 10:36 and
60°C, the 300 W from the heater is barely sufficient to raise the
temperature of the flowing
water from the inlet temperature of 17.6 °C to the 60 °C recorded at
this time. If no additional
heat had been generated internally, the temperature would not exceed
the 60 °C recorded at
10:36.

Instead the temperature increases faster after 10:36, as can be seen
as a kink occurring
at 60 °C in the temperature-time relation. (Figure 6). A temperature
of 97.5 °C is reached at
10:40. The time taken to bring the water from 60 to 97.5 °C is 4
minutes. The 100 °C
temperature is reached at 10:42 and at about 10:45 all the water is
completely vaporized
found by visual checks of the outlet tube and the valve letting out
steam from the chimney.
This means that from this point in time, 10:45, 4.69 kW power is
delivered to the heating and
vaporization, and 4.69 – 0.30 = 4.39 kW would have to come from the
energy produced in
the internal nickel-hydrogen container.

Operation.

The experiment was continually running from 10:45 to 16:30 when it was
stopped by switching off the heater and increasing the cooling water
flow to a maximum of
30 liters per hour. On two occasions during the steam production
phase, David Bianchini
tested the radiation level which did not differ from the normal level
in the room.  The
temperature at the outlet was controlled continually to be above
100°C. According to the
electronic log-book it remained always between 100.1 and 100.2 °C
during the operation
from 10:45 to 16:30 as can be seen in figure 7. Between 11:00 and
12:00 o’clock, control
measurements were done on how much water that had not evaporated. The
system to measure
the non-evaporated water was a certified Testo System, Testo 650, with
a probe guaranteed to
resist up to 550°C.

The measurements showed that at 11:15 1.4% of the water was nonvaporized,
at 11:30 1.3% and at 11:45 1.2% of the water was non-vaporized. The energy
produced inside the device is calculated to be (1.000-0.013)
(16:30-10:45) 4.39 = 25 kWh.

Discussion.

Since we do not have access to the internal design of the central fuel
container
and no information on the external lead shielding and the cooling
water system we can only
make very general comments. The central container is about 50 cm3 in
size and it contains
0.11 gram hydrogen and 50 grams nickel.

The enthalpy from the chemical formation of nickel and hydrogen to
nickel hydride is 4850 joule/mol [6].
If it had been a chemical process, a maximum of 0.15 watt-hour of
energy could have been produced from nickel and
0.11 gram hydrogen, the whole hydrogen content of the container.

On the other hand, 0.11 gram hydrogen and 6 grams of nickel
(assuming that we use one proton for each nickel atom)
are about sufficient to produce 24 MWh through nuclear processes
assuming that 8 MeV per
reaction can be liberated as free energy.

For comparison, 3 liters of oil or 0.6 kg of hydrogen would give 25
kWh through chemical burning.
Any chemical process for producing 25 kWh from any fuel in a 50 cm3
container can be ruled out.
The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a
nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.

Acknowledgements.

We are grateful to our Bologna hosts, the cited participants and Dr
Giuliano Guandalini for
warm-hearted hospitality. We also appreciate the instructive execution
of the experiment and
the information provided. However, the authors of this Travel report
are responsible for the
observations and for the conclusions.

References.

[1] A. Rossi (inventor),
Method and Apparatus for Carrying out Nickel and Hydrogen Exothermal
Reactions, (WO/2009/125444)
http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp? WO=2009125444;

[2] S. Focardi and A. Rossi,
A new energy source from nuclear fusion,
Journal of Nuclear Physics,
http://www.journal-of-nuclearphysics.com/? p=66, February 2010;

[3] D. Bianchini
Experimental evaluation, for radiation protection purpose, of photon
and neutron radiation field during the public presentation of the
prototype called ”Energy Amplifier”.
http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com

[4] G. Levi,
Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi ”Ni-H” reactor,
http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com.

[5] A. Rossi,
A Mini Apparatus for Ni-H energy production,
private communication, 110329.

[6] M. Tkacz,
Enthalpies of formation and decomposition of nickel hydride and nickel
deuteride derived from (p, c, T) relationships,
J. Chem. Thermodynamics 2001, 33, 891–897.

Figures.

Figure 1 showing Andrea Rossi (left) and Giuseppe Levi (right).
Shown are the water pump in yellow, three bare Rossi devices (ECATS)
and one heat- insulated Rossi device (ECAT) which was used for the
experiment.
In the middle of the horizontal section is seen the container ca 50
cm3 in volume with the hydrogen gas-fill pipe on its top.
The electric heater is connected at the end of the horizontal section.
The chimney is used for the steam accumulation.
(Photo: Sven Kullander).

Figure 2 showing in principle the same ECATs as in figure 1 but in
another perspective.
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 3 shows the central fuel container between the 35 and 40 cm
marks on the ruler.
It is about 50 cm3 in volume.
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 4 showing the chimney with the black outlet tubing, the
thermocouple holder and on the top, the steam exhaust valve.
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 5 with Andrea Rossi preparing the insulation of the chimney
together with Sven Kullander (left) and Hanno Essén (right).
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 6. The evolution of temperature in Celsius degrees versus the
time in hour.minute.second.
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 7. The monitoring of the exhaust temperature during the experiment.
(From Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 8 showing from left to right, Hanno Essén, Andrea Rossi, Carlo
Leonardi and Sergio Focardi.
(Photo: Sven Kullander).

Figure 9 showing from left to right, Hanno Essén, Sven Kullander,
Giuseppe Levi, David Bianchini and Andrea Rossi.
(Photo: Sven Kullander).

Figure 10. David Bianchini, Andrea Rossi holding the mini ECAT and
Giuseppe Levi.
(Photo: Sven Kullander).

============================================================
FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv
Meets Fridays 9a-11:30 at cafe at St. John's College
lectures, archives, unsubscribe, maps at http://www.friam.org

[Douglas Roberts-2]

You know, teasers like this one at the end of the article,

Any chemical process for producing 25 kWh 

from any fuel in a 50 cm3 container can be ruled out. The only alternative explanation is that 

there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.

have become a bit tiresome.  Time for something a bit more substantive, like a functioning production scale unit, producing production-scale power.  Wasn't that promised a few months ago to be demonstrated, oh, just about about any day now?

--Doug

On Thu, Apr 7, 2011 at 2:25 PM, Rich Murray <[hidden email]> wrote:

25 KWh in 1.75 h, Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the
Leonardo Corp, Bologna 29 March 2011, Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander,
3 April 2011: Rich Murray 2011.04.07

http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3144960.ece/BINARY/Download+the+report+by+Kullander+and+Ess%C3%A9n+%28pdf%29

[ 8 photos ]

Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardo Corp, Bologna
29 March 2011.
Participants:
Giuseppe Levi,
David Bianchini,
Carlo Leonardi,
Hanno Essén,
Sven Kullander,
Andrea Rossi,
Sergio Focardi.
Travel report by Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander, 3 April 2011.

We gathered in the Leonardo Corporation building where the 10 kW
apparatus for anomalous
energy production by nickel and hydrogen was demonstrated during a
press conference on
14th of January. References [1] to [4] for the original papers
describing the innovation are
listed at the end. In the same building, two CHP facilities were
located, based on biodiesel
from waste which Andrea Rossi, prior to his present Ni-H activity, had
developed.
The present test was done on a smaller device [5] than the 10 kW
device that has been used
earlier during the January press conference. One of the reasons for
going to smaller
dimensions is safety according to Rossi.

The conclusions from the papers [1] to [4] are that nickel and
hydrogen provide the fuel for
nuclear processes inside a small container in a radiation shielded
setup and that in the room
outside, no radiation different from the ambient one is found.

Figures 1 and 2 below depict the insulated device used for the
experiment together with three
spare devices. As can be seen on the bare devices there is a
horizontal section with a central
container. The tube was made of copper and according to Rossi, the
reaction chamber is
hidden inside in the central part and made of stainless steel. Note
that on the main heating
resistor which is positioned around the copper tube and made of
stainless steel (Figure 3) you
can read the dimensions and nominal power (50mm diameter and 300W).
The vertical
chimney is for the steam-water exhaust. The cooling inlet water of
about 18 °C comes from a
reservoir via a pump (yellow).

The transparent blue rubber hose going from the reservoir to the
device is visible
above the yellow pump, on the left of the photo in figure 1. To the right
at the chimney, a black hose of heavy rubber, for high temperatures,
carries the hot
water/steam to the sink on the wall of the adjacent room. At the end
of the horizontal section
there is an auxiliary electric heater to initialize the burning and
also to act as a safety if the
heat evolution should get out of control.

The central container seen in figure 3 has an estimated volume of 50
cm3 and it contains 50
grams of nickel. The container has on its top, a pipe for the filling
of hydrogen gas. During
the running we used the rightmost one of the devices, figure 4, which
is surrounded by a 2 cm
thick lead shield, as stated by Rossi, and wrapped with insulation,
figure 5. We had free
access to the heater electric supply, to the inlet water hose, to the
outlet steam valve and
water hose and to the hydrogen gas feed pipe. The total weight of the
device was estimated to
be around 4 kg.

Calibrations.

The flow of the inlet water was calibrated in the following way. The time for
filling up 0.5 liters of water in a carafe was measured to be 278
seconds. Visual checks
showed that the water flow was free from bubbles. Scaled to flow per
hour resulted in a flow
of 6.47 kg/hour (Density 1 kg/liter assumed). The water temperature
was 18 °C. The specific
heat of water, 4.18 joule/gram/ °C which is equal to 1.16 Wh/kg/ °C is
used to calculate the
energy needed to bring 1 kg of water from 18 to 100 °C. The result is
1.16 (100-18)=95
Wh/kg. The heat of vaporization is 630 Wh/kg. Assuming that all water
will be vaporized, the
energy required to bring 1 kg water of 18 °C to vapor is  95+630=725
Wh/kg. To heat up the
adjusted water flow of 6.47 kg/hour from 18 °C to vapor will require
725 6.47=4.69 kWh/hour.

The power required for heating and vaporization is thus 4.69 kW.  It should be
noted that no error analysis has been done but according to Giuseppe
Levi, a 5% error in the
measurement of the water flow is a conservative estimate. Even with
this error, the
conclusions will not change due to the magnitude of the observed effects.

Startup.

Prior to startup, the hydrogen bottle with a nominal pressure of 160 bars was
connected for a short moment to the device to pressurize the fuel
container to about 25 bars.
The air of atmospheric pressure was remaining in the container as a
small impurity. The
amount of hydrogen with the assumed container volume of 50 cm3 is 0.11 grams of
hydrogen.

The electric heater was switched on at 10:25, and the meter reading was 1.5
amperes corresponding to 330 watts for the heating including the power for the
instrumentation, about 30 watts. The electric heater thus provides a
power of 300 watts to the
nickel-hydrogen mixture. This corresponds also to the nominal power of
the resistor.
Initial running to reach vaporization. The temperatures of the inlet
water and the outlet
water were monitored and recorded every 2 seconds.

The heater was connected at 10:25 and the boiling point was reached at 10:42.
The detailed temperature-time relation is shown in figure 6.
The inlet water temperature was 17.3 °C and increased slightly to 17.6
°C during
this initial running.  The outlet water temperature increased from 20
°C at 10:27 to 60 °C at
10:36. This means a temperature increase by 40 °C in 9 minutes which
is essentially due to
the electric heater. It is worth noting that at this point in time and
temperature, 10:36 and
60°C, the 300 W from the heater is barely sufficient to raise the
temperature of the flowing
water from the inlet temperature of 17.6 °C to the 60 °C recorded at
this time. If no additional
heat had been generated internally, the temperature would not exceed
the 60 °C recorded at
10:36.

Instead the temperature increases faster after 10:36, as can be seen
as a kink occurring
at 60 °C in the temperature-time relation. (Figure 6). A temperature
of 97.5 °C is reached at
10:40. The time taken to bring the water from 60 to 97.5 °C is 4
minutes. The 100 °C
temperature is reached at 10:42 and at about 10:45 all the water is
completely vaporized
found by visual checks of the outlet tube and the valve letting out
steam from the chimney.
This means that from this point in time, 10:45, 4.69 kW power is
delivered to the heating and
vaporization, and 4.69 – 0.30 = 4.39 kW would have to come from the
energy produced in
the internal nickel-hydrogen container.

Operation.

The experiment was continually running from 10:45 to 16:30 when it was
stopped by switching off the heater and increasing the cooling water
flow to a maximum of
30 liters per hour. On two occasions during the steam production
phase, David Bianchini
tested the radiation level which did not differ from the normal level
in the room.  The
temperature at the outlet was controlled continually to be above
100°C. According to the
electronic log-book it remained always between 100.1 and 100.2 °C
during the operation
from 10:45 to 16:30 as can be seen in figure 7. Between 11:00 and
12:00 o’clock, control
measurements were done on how much water that had not evaporated. The
system to measure
the non-evaporated water was a certified Testo System, Testo 650, with
a probe guaranteed to
resist up to 550°C.

The measurements showed that at 11:15 1.4% of the water was nonvaporized,
at 11:30 1.3% and at 11:45 1.2% of the water was non-vaporized. The energy
produced inside the device is calculated to be (1.000-0.013)
(16:30-10:45) 4.39 = 25 kWh.

Discussion.

Since we do not have access to the internal design of the central fuel
container
and no information on the external lead shielding and the cooling
water system we can only
make very general comments. The central container is about 50 cm3 in
size and it contains
0.11 gram hydrogen and 50 grams nickel.

The enthalpy from the chemical formation of nickel and hydrogen to
nickel hydride is 4850 joule/mol [6].
If it had been a chemical process, a maximum of 0.15 watt-hour of
energy could have been produced from nickel and
0.11 gram hydrogen, the whole hydrogen content of the container.

On the other hand, 0.11 gram hydrogen and 6 grams of nickel
(assuming that we use one proton for each nickel atom)
are about sufficient to produce 24 MWh through nuclear processes
assuming that 8 MeV per
reaction can be liberated as free energy.

For comparison, 3 liters of oil or 0.6 kg of hydrogen would give 25
kWh through chemical burning.
Any chemical process for producing 25 kWh from any fuel in a 50 cm3
container can be ruled out.
The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a
nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.

Acknowledgements.

We are grateful to our Bologna hosts, the cited participants and Dr
Giuliano Guandalini for
warm-hearted hospitality. We also appreciate the instructive execution
of the experiment and
the information provided. However, the authors of this Travel report
are responsible for the
observations and for the conclusions.

References.

[1] A. Rossi (inventor),
Method and Apparatus for Carrying out Nickel and Hydrogen Exothermal
Reactions, (WO/2009/125444)
http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp? WO=2009125444;

[2] S. Focardi and A. Rossi,
A new energy source from nuclear fusion,
Journal of Nuclear Physics,
http://www.journal-of-nuclearphysics.com/? p=66, February 2010;

[3] D. Bianchini
Experimental evaluation, for radiation protection purpose, of photon
and neutron radiation field during the public presentation of the
prototype called ”Energy Amplifier”.
http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com

[4] G. Levi,
Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi ”Ni-H” reactor,
http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com.

[5] A. Rossi,
A Mini Apparatus for Ni-H energy production,
private communication, 110329.

[6] M. Tkacz,
Enthalpies of formation and decomposition of nickel hydride and nickel
deuteride derived from (p, c, T) relationships,
J. Chem. Thermodynamics 2001, 33, 891–897.

Figures.

Figure 1 showing Andrea Rossi (left) and Giuseppe Levi (right).
Shown are the water pump in yellow, three bare Rossi devices (ECATS)
and one heat- insulated Rossi device (ECAT) which was used for the
experiment.
In the middle of the horizontal section is seen the container ca 50
cm3 in volume with the hydrogen gas-fill pipe on its top.
The electric heater is connected at the end of the horizontal section.
The chimney is used for the steam accumulation.
(Photo: Sven Kullander).

Figure 2 showing in principle the same ECATs as in figure 1 but in
another perspective.
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 3 shows the central fuel container between the 35 and 40 cm
marks on the ruler.
It is about 50 cm3 in volume.
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 4 showing the chimney with the black outlet tubing, the
thermocouple holder and on the top, the steam exhaust valve.
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 5 with Andrea Rossi preparing the insulation of the chimney
together with Sven Kullander (left) and Hanno Essén (right).
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 6. The evolution of temperature in Celsius degrees versus the
time in hour.minute.second.
(Photo: Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 7. The monitoring of the exhaust temperature during the experiment.
(From Giuseppe Levi).

Figure 8 showing from left to right, Hanno Essén, Andrea Rossi, Carlo
Leonardi and Sergio Focardi.
(Photo: Sven Kullander).

Figure 9 showing from left to right, Hanno Essén, Sven Kullander,
Giuseppe Levi, David Bianchini and Andrea Rossi.
(Photo: Sven Kullander).

Figure 10. David Bianchini, Andrea Rossi holding the mini ECAT and
Giuseppe Levi.
(Photo: Sven Kullander).

============================================================
FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv
Meets Fridays 9a-11:30 at cafe at St. John's College
lectures, archives, unsubscribe, maps at http://www.friam.org

============================================================
FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv
Meets Fridays 9a-11:30 at cafe at St. John's College
lectures, archives, unsubscribe, maps at http://www.friam.org